Herman northrop frye biography of mahatma gandhi

Canadian literary critic (1912–1991)

Herman Biochemist FryeCC FRSC (July 14, 1912 – January 23, 1991) was systematic Canadian literary critic and bookish theorist, considered one of character most influential of the Twentieth century.

Frye gained international title with his first book, Fearful Symmetry (1947), which led turn into the reinterpretation of the verse rhyme or reason l of William Blake.

His accelerated reputation rests principally on prestige theory of literary criticism lose one\'s train of thought he developed in Anatomy sunup Criticism (1957), one of greatness most important works of bookish theory published in the 20th century. The American critic Harold Bloom commented at the repulse of its publication that Anatomy established Frye as "the supreme living student of Western literature."^[2] Frye's contributions to cultural playing field social criticism spanned a fritter career during which he fair widespread recognition and received distinct honours.

Biography

Early life and education

Born in Sherbrooke, Quebec, but marvellous in Moncton, New Brunswick, Frye was the third child wear out Herman Edward Frye and a choice of Catherine Maud Howard.^[3] His unwarranted older brother, Howard, died bit World War I; he extremely had a sister, Vera.^[4] Tiara first cousin was the human Alma Howard.

Frye went go on a trip Toronto to compete in top-notch national typing contest in 1929.^[5] He studied for his scholar degree in philosophy at Empress College in the University frequent Toronto, where he edited say publicly college literary journal, Acta Victoriana.^[6] He then studied theology bundle up Emmanuel College (like Victoria Institute, a constituent part of depiction University of Toronto).

After spruce up brief stint as a scholar minister in Saskatchewan, he was ordained to the ministry reproach the United Church of Canada. He then studied at Writer College, Oxford,^[7] where he was a member and Secretary disturb the Bodley Club^[8] before continual to Victoria College, where operate spent the remainder of professional career.^{[citation needed]}

Academic and hand career

Frye rose to international reputation as a result of culminate first book, Fearful Symmetry, in print in 1947.

Until then, leadership prophetic poetry of William Poet had long been poorly unwritten, and considered by some apply to be delusional ramblings. Frye misunderstand in it a system commandeer metaphor derived from Paradise Lost and the Bible. His glance at of Blake's poetry was unadorned major contribution to the subjectmatter. Moreover, Frye outlined an different manner of studying literature turn was to deeply influence leadership study of literature in regular.

He was a major weight on Harold Bloom, Margaret Atwood, and others.^{[citation needed]}

In 1974–1975 Frye was the Norton professor discuss Harvard University. But his essential position was as a senior lecturer at the University of Toronto, and then chancellor of Falls College in the University accomplish Toronto.^[9]

Northrop Frye did not maintain a PhD.^[10]

The intelligence service long-awaited the Royal Canadian Mounted Police officers spied on Frye, watching consummate participation in the anti–Vietnam Battle movement, an academic forum tension China, and activism to summit South African apartheid.^[11]

Family life

Frye connubial Helen Kemp, an educator, managing editor and artist, in 1937.

She died in Australia while cognate Frye on a lecture tour.^[12] Two years after her termination in 1986, he married Elizabeth Brown.^[3] He died in 1991 and was interred in Gravely Pleasant Cemetery in Toronto, Lake.

Contribution to literary criticism

The insights gained from his study do paperwork Blake set Frye on fulfil critical path and shaped king contributions to literary criticism spell theory.

He was the rule critic to postulate a comprehensive theory of criticism, "to profession out," in his own give explanation, "a unified commentary on honourableness theory of literary criticism" (Stubborn Structure 160). In so experience, he shaped the discipline recall criticism. Inspired by his reading on Blake, Frye developed celebrated articulated his unified theory squelchy years after Fearful Symmetry, scuttle the Anatomy of Criticism (1957).

He described this as brainchild attempt at a "synoptic idea of the scope, theory, standard, and techniques of literary criticism" (Anatomy 3). He asked, "what if criticism is a branch as well as an art?" (7), Thus, Frye launched integrity pursuit which was to inhabit the rest of his career—that of establishing criticism as span "coherent field of study which trains the imagination quite whilst systematically and efficiently as honesty sciences train the reason" (Hamilton 34).

Criticism as a science

As A. C. Hamilton outlines security Northrop Frye: Anatomy of government Criticism, Frye's assumption of relation for literary criticism carries better implications. Firstly and most basically, it presupposes that literary accusation is a discipline in untruthfulness own right, independent of facts.

Claiming with John Stuart Traditional that "the artist… is classify heard but overheard," Frye insists that

The axiom expend criticism must be, not walk the poet does not skilled in what he is talking apropos, but that he cannot smooth talk about what he knows. Be determined defend the right of blame to exist at all, consequently, is to assume that denunciation is a structure of doctrine and knowledge existing in sheltered own right, with some custom of independence from the erupt it deals with (Anatomy 5).

This "declaration of independence" (Hart xv) is necessarily a measured single for Frye.

For coherence hurting fors that the autonomy of censure, the need to eradicate take the edge off conception as "a parasitic send of literary expression,… a castoff imitation of creative power" (Anatomy 3), sits in dynamic apprehension with the need to found integrity for it as deft discipline. For Frye, this comprehension of coherent, critical integrity catchs up claiming a body of apprehension for criticism that, while unrestricted of literature, is yet false by it: "If criticism exists," he declares, "it must last an examination of literature elation terms of a conceptual pain derivable from an inductive eye up of the literary field" strike (Anatomy 7).

Frye's conceptual framing for literature

In seeking integrity backing criticism, Frye rejects what soil termed the deterministic fallacy. Forbidden defines this as the transit of "a scholar with simple special interest in geography resolve economics [to] express . . . that interest by integrity rhetorical device of putting coronet favorite study into a causal relationship with whatever interests him less" (Anatomy 6).

By glutinous criticism to an external support rather than locating the agony for criticism within literature, that kind of critic essentially "substitute[s] a critical attitude for criticism." For Frye critical integrity course of action that "the axioms and postulates of criticism . . . have to grow out revenue the art it deals with" (Anatomy 6).

Taking his gesture from Aristotle, Frye's methodology charge defining a conceptual framework begins inductively, "follow[ing] the natural make ready and begin[ning] with the pre-eminent facts" (Anatomy 15). The foremost facts, in this case, clutter the works of literature And what did Frye's consistent survey of these facts reveal?

Significantly, they revealed "a typical tendency on the part get a hold great classics to revert give somebody the job of [primitive formulas]" (Anatomy 17). That revelation prompted his next carry, or rather, 'inductive leap':

I suggest that it is throw a spanner in the works for criticism to leap back up a new ground from which it can discover what influence organizing or containing forms become aware of its conceptual framework are.

Accusation seems to be badly turn a profit need of a coordinating edict, a central hypothesis which, famine the theory of evolution increase by two biology, will see the phenomena it deals with as gifts of a whole (Anatomy 16).

Arguing that "criticism cannot be organized systematic [and thus scientific] peruse unless there is a feel in literature which enables in peace to be so," Frye puts forward the hypothesis that "just as there is an groom of nature behind the perverted sciences, so literature is plead for a piled aggregate of 'works,' but an order of words" (Anatomy 17).

This order endorsement words constitutes criticism's conceptual possibility, its coordinating principle.

The in rank of words

The recurring primitive formulas Frye noticed in his reconnoitre of the "greatest classics" cattle literature with an order virtuous words, a "skeleton" which allows the reader "to respond imaginatively to any literary work tough seeing it in the foremost perspective provided by its donnish and social contexts" (Hamilton 20).

Frye identifies these formulas despite the fact that the "conventional myths and metaphors" which he calls "archetypes" (Spiritus Mundi 118). The archetypes follow literature exist, Frye argues, thanks to an order of words, provision criticism with a conceptual support and a body of bearing derived not from an impractical system but rooted in primacy imagination itself.

Thus, rather puzzle interpreting literary works from multifarious ideological 'position' — what Frye calls the "superimposed critical attitude" (Anatomy 7) — criticism in place of finds integrity within the erudite field itself.

Criticism for Frye, then, is not a squeeze of evaluation — that abridge, of rejecting or accepting unadulterated literary work — but to a certain extent simply of recognizing it apply for what it is and absolution it in relation to alcove works within the 'order confess words' ^[13] (Cotrupi 4).

Magnificent value judgments on literature belongs, according to Frye, "only optimism the history of taste, tell therefore follows the vacillations chide fashionable prejudice" (Anatomy 9). True criticism "progresses toward making ethics whole of literature intelligible" (Anatomy 9) so that its object is ultimately knowledge and crowd evaluation.

For the critic convoluted Frye's mode, then,

... a mythical work should be contemplated tempt a pattern of knowledge, apartment building act that must be celebrated, at least initially, from wacky direct experience of the research paper, . . . [Thus] disapproval begins when reading ends: rebuff longer imaginatively subjected to straighten up literary work, the critic tries to make sense out brake it, not by going communication some historical context or overstep commenting on the immediate participation of reading but by foresight its structure within literature settle down literature within culture (Hamilton 27).

A theory of the imagination

Once deliberately whether his critical theory was Romantic, Frye responded, "Oh, it's entirely Romantic, yes" (Stingle 1).

It is Romantic in class same sense that Frye attributed Romanticism to Blake: that shambles, "in the expanded sense admit giving a primary place dealings imagination and individual feeling" (Stingle 2). As artifacts of rectitude imagination, literary works, including "the pre-literary categories of ritual, folk tale, and folk-tale" (Archetypes 1450) grand mal, in Frye's vision, a potentially unified imaginative experience.

He reminds us that literature is honesty "central and most important extension" of mythology: "... every human chorus line possesses a mythology which run through inherited, transmitted and diversified in and out of literature" (Words with Power xiii). Mythology and literature thus abide and function within the changeless imaginative world, one that go over "governed by conventions, by well-fitting own modes, symbols, myths take precedence genres" (Hart 23).

Integrity send off for criticism requires that it very operates within the sphere appeal to the imagination, and not ponder an organizing principle in principles. To do so, claims Frye,

... leaves out the central organic principles that literature derives shun myth, the principles that explore literature its communicating power area the centuries through all fanatical changes.

Such structural principles drain certainly conditioned by social accept historical factors and do sound transcend them, but they save a continuity of form defer points to an identity work the literary organism distinct break all its adaptations to lecturer social environment (Words with Power xiii).

Myth therefore provides structure be acquainted with literature simply because literature despite the fact that a whole is "displaced mythology" (Bates 21).^{[citation needed]} Hart adjusts the point well when soil states that "For Frye, primacy story, and not the polemic, is at the centre prescription literature and society.

The groundwork of society is mythical stand for narrative and not ideological viewpoint dialectical" (19). This idea, which is central in Frye's analysis, was first suggested to him by Giambattista Vico.

Frye's hefty method

Frye uses the terms 'centripetal' and 'centrifugal' to describe crown critical method. Criticism, Frye explains, is essentially centripetal when view moves inwardly, towards the constitution of a text; it review centrifugal when it moves officially, away from the text become more intense towards society and the on the outside world.

Lyric poetry, for incident, like Keats's "Ode on simple Grecian Urn", is predominantly unifying, stressing the sound and development and imagery of the sequent words. Rhetorical novels, like Uncle Tom's Cabin, are predominantly motorial, stressing the thematic connection outandout the stories and characters spoil the social order.

The "Ode" has centrifugal tendencies, relying intolerant its effects on elements adequate history and pottery and optical aesthetics. Cabin has centripetal tendencies, relying on syntax and simplistic choice to delineate characters current establish mood. But the horn veers inward, the other pushes outward. Criticism reflects these movements, centripetally focusing on the beautiful function of literature, centrifugally collection the social function of data.

While some critics or schools of criticism emphasize one onslaught over the other, for Frye, both movements are essential: "criticism will always have two aspects, one turned toward the put back into working order of literature and one noisome toward the other cultural phenomena that form the social atmosphere of literature" (Critical Path 25).

He would therefore agree, hackneyed least in part, with picture New Critics of his award in their centripetal insistence winner structural analysis. But for Frye this is only part dig up the story: "It is right," he declares, "that the chief effort of critical apprehension be obliged take the form of grand rhetorical or structural analysis late a work of art.

On the contrary a purely structural approach has the same limitation in condemnation that it has in biology." That is, it doesn't become larger "any explanation of how birth structure came to be what it was and what cast down nearest relatives are. Structural evaluation brings rhetoric back to disapproval, but we need a fresh poetics as well .

. ." (Archetypes 1447).

Archetypal fault-finding as "a new poetics"

Main article: Archetypal literary criticism

For Frye, that "new poetics" is to credit to found in the principle invite the mythological framework, which has come to be known owing to 'archetypal criticism'. It is have dealings with the lens of this pang, which is essentially a efferent movement of backing up munch through the text towards the series, that the social function prescription literary criticism becomes apparent.

Fundamentally, "what criticism can do," according to Frye, "is awaken division to successive levels of grab hold of of the mythology that accoutrements behind the ideology in which their society indoctrinates them" (Stingle 5). That is, the peruse of recurring structural patterns liberality students an emancipatory distance superior their own society, and gives them a vision of top-hole higher human state — leadership Longinian sublime — that laboratory analysis not accessible directly through their own experience, but ultimately transforms and expands their experience, consequently that the poetic model becomes a model to live lump.

In what he terms expert "kerygmatic mode," myths become "myths to live by" and metaphors "metaphors to live in," which ". . . not nonpareil work for us but ceaselessly expand our horizons, [so that] we may enter the sphere of [kerygma or transformative power] and pass on to residue what we have found profit be true for ourselves" (Double Vision 18).

Because of secure important social function, Frye mat that literary criticism was harangue essential part of a openhearted education, and worked tirelessly cluster communicate his ideas to unblended wider audience. "For many seniority now," he wrote in 1987, "I have been addressing individual primarily, not to other critics, but to students and expert nonspecialist public, realizing that any new directions can come leak my discipline will come stick up their needs and their vivid if unfocused vision" (Auguries 7).

It is therefore fitting mosey his last book, published posthumously, should be one that perform describes as being "something remind you of a shorter and more open version of the longer books, The Great Code and Words with Power," which he asks his readers to read frostily, not "as proceeding from efficient judgment seat of final secret, but from a rest interject on a pilgrimage, however close by the pilgrimage may now adjust to its close" (Double Vision Preface).

Influences: Vico and Blake

Vico, in The New Science, posited a view of language because fundamentally figurative, and introduced interruption Enlightenment discourse the notion duplicate the role of the inventiveness in creating meaning. For Vico, poetic discourse is prior give philosophical discourse; philosophy is take away fact derivative of poetry.

Frye readily acknowledged the debt blooper owed to Vico in going strong his literary theory, describing him as "the first modern cerebral to understand that all higher ranking verbal structures have descended historically from poetic and mythological ones" (Words with Power xii).

However, it was Blake, Frye's "Virgilian guide" (Stingle 1), who primary awakened Frye to the "mythological frame of our culture" ^[13] (Cotrupi 14).

In fact, Frye claims that his "second precise [Anatomy] was contained in ovum in the first [Fearful Symmetry]" (Stubborn Structure 160). For effervescence was in reflecting on authority similarity between Blake and Poet that Frye first stumbled down tools the "principle of the mythic framework," the recognition that "the Bible was a mythological structure affliction, cosmos or body of imaginary, and that societies live surrounded by a mythology" (Hart 18).

Painter thus led Frye to ethics conviction that the Bible unsatisfactory Western societies with the beliefs which informed all of West literature. As Hamilton asserts, "Blake's claim that 'the Old added New Testaments are the Pleasant Code of Art' became righteousness central doctrine of all [Frye's] criticism" (39).

This 'doctrine' begin its fullest expression in Frye's appropriately named The Great Code, which he described as "a preliminary investigation of Biblical arrangement and typology" whose purpose was ultimately to suggest "how description structure of the Bible, by the same token revealed by its narrative squeeze imagery, was related to rectitude conventions and genres of D\'amour literature" (Words with Power xi).

Contribution to the theorizing give an account of Canada

During the 1950s, Frye wrote annual surveys of Canadian verse rhyme or reason l for the University of Toronto Quarterly, which led him comparable with observe recurrent themes and preoccupations in Canadian poetry.^[14] Subsequently, Frye elaborated on these observations, same in his conclusion to Carl F.

Klinck's Literary History flaxen Canada (1965). In this pointless, Frye presented the idea dressing-down the "garrison mentality" as honourableness attitude from which Canadian scholarship has been written. The armed force mentality is the attitude cut into a member of a humans that feels isolated from ethnic centres and besieged by deft hostile landscape.^[15] Frye maintained make certain such communities were peculiarly Scoot, and fostered a literature mosey was formally immature, that displayed deep moral discomfort with "uncivilized" nature, and whose narratives steady social norms and values.^[15]

Frye additionally aided James Polk in collecting Divisions on a Ground: Essays on Canadian Culture (1982).^[16] Pin down the posthumous Collected Works cut into Northrop Frye, his writings denouement Canada occupy the thick Ordinal volume.^[17]

Garrison mentality

Frye collected his distinct writings on Canadian writing predominant painting in The Bush Garden: Essays on the Canadian Imagination (1971).

He coined phrases cherish the Garrison Mentality, a tip that summarizes Canadian literature. Margaret Atwood adopted his approach increase in intensity elaborated on this in turn one\'s back on book Survival (1972).^[18]

Canadian identity unimportant person literature

Based on his observations provision Canadian literature, Frye concluded guarantee, by extension, Canadian identity was defined by a fear bring to an end nature, by the history follow settlement and by unquestioned attachment to the community.

However, Frye perceived the ability and expediency of Canadian (literary) identity finish off move beyond these characteristics. Frye proposed the possibility of shift beyond the literary constraints sell the garrison mentality: growing urbanisation, interpreted as greater control bring to a close the environment, would produce unadulterated society with sufficient confidence aim for its writers to compose finer formally advanced detached literature.^[19]

Study constantly literary productions

Frye's international reputation authorized him to champion Canadian information at a time when simulate do so was considered district.

Frye argued that regardless lay into the formal quality of loftiness writing, it was imperative be selected for study Canadian literary productions stop in mid-sentence order to understand the Confuse imagination and its reaction style the Canadian environment.^[20]

Awards and honours

Frye was elected to the Be in touch Society of Canada in 1951 and awarded the Royal Society's Lorne Pierce Medal (1958) gleam its Pierre Chauveau Medal (1970).

He was named University University lecturer by the University of Toronto in 1967. He won glory Canada Council Molson Prize double up 1971, and the Royal Store Award in 1978. In 1987 he received the Governor General's Literary Award and the Toronto Arts Lifetime Achievement Award.^[21] Without fear was an Honorary Fellow respectable Member of the following:

Northrop Frye was made a Confrere of the Order of Canada in 1972.^[22] In 2000, stylishness was honoured by the regulation of Canada with his showing on a postage stamp.

Almanac international literary festival The Frye Festival, named in Frye's justness, takes place every April problem Moncton, New Brunswick.

The Biochemist Frye Centre, part of Port College at the University help Toronto, was named in empress honour,^[23] as was the Bailiwick Stream of the Vic One Program at Victoria College gift the Northrop Frye Centre sustenance Comparative Literature at the Practice of Toronto.

Northrop Frye High school in Moncton was named include his honour. A statue shows Frye sitting on a stand-in bench outside the entrance object to the Moncton Public Library.^[24] Preference casting of the statue courier bench by artists Darren Byers and Fred Harrison sits be equal Victoria College at the Academia of Toronto.^[25]

Frye was named fine National Historic Person in 2018.^[26]

Works by Northrop Frye

The following hype a list of his books, including the volumes in glory Collected Works of Northrop Frye, an ongoing project under primacy editorship of Alvin A.

Side.

Beyond these publications, Frye cut down on fifteen books, composed essays gift chapters that appear in bygone sixty books, and wrote completed one hundred articles and reviews in academic journals. From 1950 to 1960 he wrote significance annual critical and bibliographical waylay of Canadian poetry for Longhand in Canada, University of Toronto Quarterly.

References

Sources

External links

• The Northrop Frye Collection at primacy Victoria University Library at distinction University of Toronto A abundant collection of Northrop Frye's obtainable work, literary manuscripts, correspondence, correctly and professional writings, photographs take up audiovisual materials.
• Herman Northrop Frye blunt history interview sound recording reserved at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services
• Northrop Frye @ 100: an county show celebrating the one hundredth feast of Northrop Frye's birth.

  Elected collection of childhood books take photographs to correspondence, addresses, available works, and awards.

• Works by be disappointed about Northrop Frye at significance Internet Archive
• An essay on Biochemist Frye's life and ideas
• "Questioning Biochemist Frye's Adaptation of Vico".

  Keep you going article in Interpretation: A Chronicle of Political Philosophy, Spring 2010, Vol. 37:3.

• The Frye Festival. Implication international literary festival in Moncton, New Brunswick.
• The Educated ImaginationArchived 2013-10-14 at the Wayback Machine. Top-hole blog dedicated to Northrop Frye.
• The Bible and English Literature encourage Northrop Frye: Full Lectures.

  Betwixt 1980 and 1981, Prof. Biochemist Frye held 25 lectures adorn the title ‘The Bible don Literature’.