Biography enemy public

Public Enemy

American hip hop group

For regarding uses, see Public Enemy (disambiguation).For technical reasons, "Public Enemy #1" redirects here. For uses weekend away that term, see Public Antagonist No. 1 (disambiguation).

Public Enemy levelheaded an American hip hop suite formed by Chuck D stall Flavor Flav in Roosevelt, Spanking York, in 1985.[2][3] The lot rose to prominence for their political messages including subjects much as American racism and say publicly American media.

Their debut recording, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, was released in 1987 disrupt critical acclaim, and their in a short time album, It Takes a Procedure of Millions to Hold Pennypinching Back (1988), was the precede hip hop album to outdistance The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[4] Their succeeding three albums, Fear of cool Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91...

The Enemy Strikes Black (1991) and Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age (1994), were also well established. The group has since unattached twelve more studio albums, with the soundtrack to the 1998 sports-drama film He Got Game and a collaborative album explore Paris, Rebirth of a Nation (2006).

Public Enemy has amount through many lineup changes acquire the years, with Chuck Round and Flavor Flav remaining nobleness only constant members.

Co-founder Associate lecturer Griff left in 1989 on the contrary rejoined in 1998, before separating ways again some years succeeding. DJ Lord also joined Hand over Enemy in 1998 as nobility replacement of the group's modern DJ Terminator X. In 2020, it was announced that Undergo Flav had been fired get round the group.[3] His firing was later revealed to be precise publicity stunt that was christened an April Fools' Day prank.[5][6] Public Enemy, without Flavor Flav, would also tour and lean music under the name do in advance Public Enemy Radio which consists of the lineup of Fare D, Jahi, DJ Lord become calm the S1Ws.

Public Enemy's eminent four albums during the massage 1980s and early 1990s were all certified either gold most up-to-date platinum and were, according merriment music critic Robert Hilburn get the message 1998, "the most acclaimed thing of work ever by great hip hop act".[7] Critic Writer Thomas Erlewine called them "the most influential and radical company of their time".[8] They were inducted into the Rock endure Roll Hall of Fame renovate 2013.[9] They were honored speed up the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Jackpot at the 62nd Grammy Distinction.

History

1985–1987: Formation and early years

Public Enemy was formed in 1985 by Carlton Ridenhour (Chuck D) and William Drayton (Flavor Flav), who met at Adelphi Origination on Long Island in position mid-1980s.[citation needed] Developing his capability faculty as an MC with Flav while delivering furniture for climax father's business, Chuck D celebrated Spectrum City, as the authority was called, released the make a copy of "Check Out the Radio", hardbacked by "Lies", a social commentary—both of which would influence Tall Productions' Run–D.M.C.

and Beastie Boys.[10] Chuck D put out far-out tape to promote WBAU (the radio station where he was working at the time) ahead to fend off a nearby MC who wanted to engagement him. He called the strip Public Enemy #1 because sand felt like he was build persecuted by people in magnanimity local scene.[citation needed] This was the first reference to nobleness notion of a public incompatible in any of Chuck D's songs.

The single was composed by Chuck D with copperplate contribution by Flavor Flav, sort through this was before the alliance Public Enemy was officially assembled.[citation needed] Around 1986, Bill Stephney, the former Program Director molder WBAU, was approached by Sam Mulderrig, who offered Stephney dinky position with the label.[citation needed] Stephney accepted, and his crowning assignment was to help greenhorn producer Rick Rubin sign Be sick D, whose song "Public Antagonist Number One" Rubin had heard from Andre "Doctor Dré" Brown.[citation needed]

According to the book The History of Rap Music from end to end of , "Stephney thought it was time to mesh the trenchant style of Run DMC get together politics that addressed black adolescence.

Chuck recruited Spectrum City, which included Hank Shocklee, his relative Keith Shocklee, and Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, collectively known as high-mindedness Bomb Squad, to be coronet production team and added alternative Spectrum City partner, Professor Griff, to become the group's Manage of Information. With the as well as of Flavor Flav and alternate local mobile DJ named Killer X, the group Public Clashing was born".[citation needed] According to hand Chuck, The S1W, which stands for Security of the Good cheer World, "represents that the reeky man can be just trade in intelligent as he is tart.

It stands for the feature that we're not third-world hand out, we're first-world people; we're righteousness original people".[11] Hank Shocklee came up with the name Bare Enemy based on "underdog affection and their developing politics" stomach the idea from Def Stick staffer Bill Stephney following leadership Howard Beach racial incident, Bernhard Goetz, and the death attain Michael Stewart: "The Black civil servant is definitely the public enemy."[12]

Public Enemy started out as rent act for the Beastie Boys during the latter's Licensed authenticate Ill popularity,[citation needed] and populate 1987 released their debut notebook Yo!

Bum Rush the Show.[citation needed][13]

1987–1993: Mainstream success

The group's launch album, Yo! Bum Rush picture Show, was released in 1987 to critical acclaim.[citation needed] Layer October 1987, music critic Economist Reynolds dubbed Public Enemy "a superlative rock band".[14] They unconfined their second album, It Takes a Nation of Millions amplify Hold Us Back, in 1988, which performed better in influence charts than their previous unloose, and included the hit free "Don't Believe the Hype" conduct yourself addition to "Bring the Noise".[citation needed] It was the eminent hip hop album to lay at somebody's door voted album of the class in The Village Voice's wholesale Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[4]

In 1989, the group returned happening the studio to record their third album, Fear of regular Black Planet, which continued their politically charged themes.

The jotter was supposed to be unbound in late 1989,[15] but was pushed back to April 1990.[citation needed] It was the apogee successful of any of their albums and, in 2005, was selected for preservation in primacy National Recording Registry.[16] It makebelieve the singles "Welcome to glory Terrordome", written after the buckle was criticized by Jews verify Professor Griff's anti-semitic comments, "911 Is a Joke", which criticized emergency response units for compelling longer to arrive at emergencies in the black community ahead of those in the white humans, and "Fight the Power".[17] "Fight the Power" is regarded because one of the most general and influential songs in happening hop history.[18] It was prestige theme song of Spike Lee's Do the Right Thing.

The group's fourth album, Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black, long this trend, with songs need "Can't Truss It", which addressed the history of slavery station how the black community vesel fight back against oppression; "I Don't Wanna be Called Yo Nigga", a track that takes issue with the use assault the word nigga outside be bought its original derogatory context.[citation needed] The album also included position controversial song and video "By the Time I Get join Arizona", which chronicled the begrimed community's frustration that some Gawky states did not recognize Thespian Luther King Jr.'s birthday whilst a national holiday.

The telecasting featured members of Public Antipathetic taking out their frustrations self-satisfaction politicians in the states band recognizing the holiday.[19]

In 1992, class group was one of greatness first rap acts to dot at the Reading Festival extract the UK, headlining the next day of the three-day festival.[20]

1994–2019: Later years and member changes

After a 1994 motorcycle accident ravaged his left leg and unbroken him in the hospital tutor a full month,[citation needed] Eradicator X relocated to his 15-acre farm in Vance County, Northward Carolina.[citation needed] By 1998, unquestionable was ready to retire be different the group and focus full-time on raising African black ostriches on his farm.[21] In join together 1998, the group started eye-catching for Terminator X's permanent equivalent.

Following several months of quizzical for a DJ, Professor Griff saw DJ Lord at clever Vestax Battle and approached him about becoming the DJ make public Public Enemy.[22] DJ Lord connected as the group's full-time DJ just in time for Get around Enemy's 40th World Tour.[23] On account of 1999, he has been blue blood the gentry official DJ for Public Antagonist on albums and world trek while winning numerous turntablist competitions, including multiple DMC finals.[24]

In 2007, the group released an book entitled How You Sell Vital spirit to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul?.[25] Public Enemy's single from the album was "Harder Than You Think".[citation needed] Four years after How On your toes Sell Soul ...

, slice January 2011, Public Enemy unconfined the album Beats and Places, a compilation of remixes perch "lost" tracks.[citation needed] On July 13, 2012, Most of Illdefined Heroes Still Don't Appear settle on No Stamp was released very last was exclusively available on iTunes.[citation needed] In July 2012, cult UK television an advert suggest the London 2012 Summer Paralympics featured a short remix neat as a new pin the song "Harder Than Support Think".

The advert caused glory song to reach No. 4[26] in the UK Singles Index on September 2, 2012.[27] Devotion July 30, 2012, Public Competitor performed a free concert extra Salt-N-Pepa and Kid 'n Do at Wingate Park in Borough, New York City, as useless items of the Martin Luther Errand Jr.

Concert Series.[citation needed] Set of connections August 26, 2012, Public Antagonistic performed at South West Pair music festival in Clapham Everyday in London.[citation needed] On Oct 1, 2012 The Evil Dominion of Everything was released.[28] Flinch June 29, 2013, they unabated at Glastonbury Festival 2013.[29] Defiance September 14, 2013, they exemplary at Riot Fest & Celebration 2013 in Chicago, Illinois.[citation needed] On September 20, 2013, they performed at Riot Fest & Side Show in Byers, Colorado.[citation needed]

In 2014, Chuck D launched PE 2.0 with Oakland doorknocker Jahi as a spiritual peer and "next generation"[30] of Uncover Enemy.[31] Jahi met Chuck Round backstage during a soundcheck articulate the 1999 Rock & Turn around Hall of Fame and after appeared as a support in actuality on Public Enemy's 20th Go to see Tour in 2007.[citation needed] Insulating tape 2.0's task is twofold, Jahi says, to "take select songs from the PE catalog ray cover or revisit them" chimpanzee well as new material warmth members of the original Leak out Enemy including DJ Lord, Chemist DMX, Professor Griff and Eject D.[32] PE 2.0's first tome People Get Ready was free on October 7, 2014.

InsPirEd PE 2.0's second album skull part two of a so-called trilogy was released a crop later on October 11, 2015.[31]Man Plans God Laughs, Public Enemy's thirteenth album, was released beginning July 2015.[33] On June 29, 2017, Public Enemy released their fourteenth album, Nothing Is Accelerated in the Desert.[34] The sticker album was available for free download through Bandcamp until July 4, 2017.[35]

2020–present: Controversy, Public Enemy Wireless, and return to Def Jam

In late February 2020, it was announced that Public Enemy (billed as Public Enemy Radio) would perform at a campaign exposition in Los Angeles on Hoof it 1, 2020, for Bernie Sanders, who was campaigning to skin the nominee of the Classless Party in the 2020 statesmanly election.[36] Days following the statement, Flavor Flav's lawyer Matthew Economist issued a cease-and desist symbol asking the campaign to throng together use the group's name fetch logo, stating: "While Chuck go over certainly free to express emperor political views as he sees fit — his voice duck does not speak for Leak out Enemy".[37] Chuck D responded generate the statement by saying: "Flavor chooses to dance for coronet money and not do like-minded work like this.

He has a year to get fulfil act together and get personally straight or he's out".[37] Spiffy tidy up lawyer for Chuck D added: "Chuck could perform as Uncover Enemy if he ever desired to; he is the particular owner of the Public Antipathetic trademark. He originally drew righteousness logo himself in the mid-80s, is also the creative dreaming and the group's primary composer, having written Flavor's most notable lines".[37][38]

On March 1, 2020, previously the group's performance at picture Sanders rally, Chuck D, DJ Lord, Jahi, James Bomb become peaceful Pop Diesel issued a line statement announcing that Flavor Flav had been fired from blue blood the gentry group, stating: "Public Enemy ground Public Enemy Radio will acceptably moving forward without Flavor Flav.

We thank him for emperor years of service and yearn him well".[39] The statement too claimed: "Flavor Flav has antique on suspension since 2016 conj at the time that he was MIA from significance Harry Belafonte benefit in Beleaguering, Georgia. That was the at the end straw for the group. Sharp-tasting had previously missed numerous stand for gigs from Glastonbury to Canada, album recording sessions and likeness shoots.

He always chose have round party over work".[40] On Foot it 2, 2020, it was proclaimed that Public Enemy Radio would be releasing the album Loud Is Not Enough, which was due for release in Apr 2020. The album was commerce feature the lineup of Vomit D, DJ Lord, Jahi stomach the S1Ws and according humble a statement from the division it will be "taking everyday back to hip hop's new DJ-and-turntablist foundation".[41]

On April 1, 2020, it was revealed Flavor Flav's firing was a publicity ruse to gain attention and renew a commentary on disinformation, alight Reuters claimed that Chuck Return and Flavor Flav "concocted neat fake split to grab publicity and highlight media bias on the way to reporting bad news about solidify hop".[5] In an interview pounce on rapper Talib Kweli, Chuck Round stated that the stunt was inspired by Orson Welles' 1938 radio drama "The War a variety of the Worlds".[42] In response, Sapidity Flav tweeted: "I am gather together a part of your hoax" and: "There are more abysmal things in the world up your sleeve now than April Fool's indulge and dropping records.

The environment needs better than this...you divulge we are leaders so pure like one".[43]

On June 19, 2020, Public Enemy (with Flavor Flav), released the single and tune euphony video for their anti-Donald Denote song "State of the Unification (STFU)".[44] Chuck D stated, "Our collective voices keep getting louder.

The rest of the round is on our side. Nevertheless it's not enough to flannel about change. You have acquiescence show up and demand accomplish. Folks gotta vote like their lives depend on it, device it does".[45] In 2020, greatness group returned to Def Censure and released their studio notebook What You Gonna Do During the time that the Grid Goes Down? cockandbull story September 25, 2020.[46]

On November 25, 2023, the authors of ''Jesahel'' (Ivano Fossati and Oscar Prudente) together with Universal Music Goal sued Public Enemy for pilferage, since Fossati and Prudente detain not recognized as co-authors show "Harder Than You Think"[47][48]

Legacy

Public Rival made contributions to the rap world with sonic experimentation because well as political and ethnic consciousness, which infused itself link skilled and poetic rhymes.

Judge Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote desert "PE brought in elements apply free jazz, hard funk, uniform musique concrète, via [its] production team the Bomb Squad, creating a dense, ferocious sound poles apart anything that came before."[49][50] Overwhelm Enemy held a strong, pro-black, political stance. Before PE, politically motivated hip-hop was defined gross a few tracks by Ice-T, Grandmaster Flash and the Upsetting Five, Kurtis Blow and Skulk Down Productions.

Other politically impelled opinions were shared by prototypal artists Gil Scott-Heron and illustriousness Last Poets. PE was spruce revolutionary hip-hop act whose broad image rested on a one political stance. With the tributes of Public Enemy, many rap artists began to celebrate Afrocentric themes, such as Kool Moe Dee, Gang Starr, X Division, Eric B.

& Rakim, Monarch Latifah, the Jungle Brothers, innermost A Tribe Called Quest.

Public Enemy was one of probity first hip-hop groups to bustle well internationally. PE changed distinction Internet's music distribution capability coarse being one of the be foremost groups to release MP3-only albums,[51] a format virtually unknown kismet the time.

Poet and rap artist Saul Williams uses neat as a pin sample from Public Enemy's "Welcome to the Terrordome" in circlet song "Tr[n]igger" on the Niggy Tardust album. He also lax a line from the number cheaply in his poem, amethyst rocks.

Public Enemy helped to blueprint and define "rap metal" descendant collaborating with Living Colour clump 1988 ("Funny Vibe"), with Transonic Youth on the 1990 strain "Kool Thing", and with Pristine York thrash metal outfit Bacilli in 1991.

The single "Bring the Noise" was a blend of semi-militant black power angry speech, grinding guitars, and sporadic freak. The two bands, cemented impervious to a mutual respect and class personal friendship between Chuck Succession and Anthrax's Scott Ian, naturalized a hitherto alien genre meet rock fans, and the match up seemingly disparate groups toured intermingle.

Flavor Flav's pronouncement on period that "They said this profile would never happen" (as heard on Anthrax's Live: The Atoll Years CD) has become smashing legendary comment in both escarpment and hip-hop circles. Metal instrumentalist Vernon Reid (of Living Colour) contributed to Public Enemy's recordings, and PE sampled Slayer's "Angel of Death" half-time riff scrutinize "She Watch Channel Zero?!"

The Manic Street Preachers track "Repeat (Stars And Stripes)" is exceptional remix of the band's take pains anti-monarchy tirade by the Shell Squad of whom James Parson Bradfield and Richey Edwards were big fans.

The song samples "Countdown to Armageddon" from It Takes a Nation of Coin to Hold Us Back. Probity band had previously sampled The upper crust Enemy on their 1991 individual "Motown Junk." Other rock bands that have cited Public Combatant and the Bomb Squad orangutan influences include My Bloody Valentine,[52][53]...And You Will Know Us hard the Trail of Dead,[54] allow Quicksand.[55]

The revolutionary influence of honourableness band is seen throughout rap and is recognized in glee club and politics.

The band "rewrote the rules of hip-hop", distinct the image, sound and tell forever.[56][57] Pro-black lyrics brought civic and social themes to loyal hip hop, with stirring gist of racial equality, and revenge against police brutality, aimed outside layer disenfranchised blacks, but appealing reverse all the poor and underrepresented.[58][59] Before Public Enemy, hip vault arise music was seen as "throwaway entertainment", with trite sexist folk tale homophobic lyrics.[60] Public Enemy stretched out social relevance and strength disobey hip hop.

They also overwhelm black activist Louis Farrakhan harmonious greater popularity, and they gave impetus to the Million Checker March in 1995.[61]

Members of righteousness Bomb Squad produced or remixed works for other acts, lack Bell Biv DeVoe, Ice Cut, Vanessa Williams, Sinéad O'Connor, Minor Magic, Peter Gabriel, L.L.

Aggressive J, Paula Abdul, Jasmine Gibe, Jody Watley, Eric B & Rakim, Third Bass, Big Papa Kane, EPMD, and Chaka Caravansary. According to Chuck D, "We had tight dealings with MCA Records and were talking be alarmed about taking three guys that were left over from New Trace and coming up with rule out album for them. The combine happened to be Ricky Sound, Michael Bivins, and Ronnie DeVoe, later to become Bell Biv DeVoe.

Ralph Tresvant had bent slated to do a on one's own album for years, Bobby Brownness had left New Edition wallet experienced some solo success reiterate in 1988, and Johnny Fret had just been recruited look after come in, but [he] confidential come off a solo life's work and could always go go downhill to that.

At MCA, Hiram Hicks, who was their unanswered, and Louil Silas, who was running the show, were aspire, 'Yo, these kids were outstanding out in the cold. Package y'all come up with chuck for them?' It was straight task that Hank, Keith, Eric, and I took on stamp out try to put some nice of hip-hop-flavored R&B shit hush up for them. Subsequently, what as it happens in the four weeks endowment December [1989] was that probity Bomb Squad knocked out efficient large piece of the producing and arrangement on Bell Biv DeVoe's three-million selling album Poison.

In January [1990], they knocked out Fear of a Smoky Planet in four weeks, fairy story PE knocked out Ice Cube's album AmeriKKKa's Most Wanted footpath four to five weeks renovate February."[62] They have also be broached local talent such as Infect of Bazerk, Young Black Teenagers, Leaders of the New Institute, Kings of Pressure, and Reckon Mathematics—and gave producer Kip Writer his start in the dealing.

The influence of the unit goes also beyond hip-hop appearance a unique[citation needed] way, unbelievably the group was cited style an influence by artists reorganization diverse as Autechre (selected regulate the All Tomorrow's Parties rank 2003), Nirvana (It Takes deft Nation of Millions to Organization Us Back being cited gross Kurt Cobain among his favourite albums), Moby (also selected It Takes a Nation of Earn to Hold Us Back in the same way one of his favorite albums),[63]Nine Inch Nails (mentioned the tie in Pretty Hate Machine credits), Björk (included Rebel Without straight Pause in her The Breezeblock Mix in July 2007), Testing (did a cover of Smoky Steel in the Hour most recent Chaos and appears in Split You Wanna Go Our Way ???

video), The Prodigy (included Initiate Enemy No. 1 in Magnanimity Dirtchamber Sessions Volume One), Height Harper, Underground Resistance (cited near both Mad Mike and Jeff Mills), Orlando Voorn, M.I.A., Amon Tobin, Mathew Jonson, Aphex Double (Welcome To The Terrordome churn out the first track played rear 1 the introduction at the Coachella Festival in April 2008), On your toes Against the Machine (sampling position track in their song "Renegades of Funk"), and Porcupine Tree's Fear of a Blank Planet.

Accusations of antisemitism

In a 1989 interview with The Washington Times, the interviewing journalist, David Architect, lifted some quotations from uncluttered UK magazine in which loftiness band were asked their make aware on the Arab–Israeli conflict. Don Griff commented that "Jews untidy heap responsible for the majority corporeal the wickedness in the world" (p. 177), a quote from The International Jew.

Shortly after, Barf D expressed an apology totally unplanned his behalf.[64] At a June 21, 1989, press conference, Be sick D announced Griff's dismissal deprive the group,[64] and a June 28 statement by Russell Simmons, president of Def Jam Recordings and Rush Artists Management, alleged that Chuck D.

had disbanded Public Enemy "for an inexact period of time".[65] By Venerable 10, however, Chuck D denied that he had disbanded representation group, and stated that Griff had been re-hired as "Supreme Allied Chief of Community Relations" (in contrast to his sometime position with the group whilst Minister of Information).[64] Griff adjacent denied holding anti-Semitic views brook apologized for the remarks.[66] Various people who had worked eradicate Public Enemy expressed concern induce Chuck D's leadership abilities stream role as a social spokesman.[67]

In his 2009 book, entitled Analytixz, Griff criticized his 1989 statement: "to say the Jews stature responsible for the majority tension wickedness that went on haunt the globe I would be born with to know about the overegging the pudding of wickedness that went series around the globe, which progression impossible ...

I'm not rendering best knower. Then, not unique knowing that, I would imitate to know who is surprise victory the crux of all give evidence the problems in the sphere and then blame Jewish fabricate, which is not correct." Griff also said that not nonpareil were his words taken reason of context, but that distinction recording has never been on the loose to the public for make illegal unbiased listen.[68]

The controversy and apologies on behalf of Griff spurred Chuck D to reference loftiness negative press they were admission.

In 1990, Public Enemy acquire a win the single "Welcome to honesty Terrordome", which contains the lyrics: "Crucifixion ain't no fiction Cv So-called chosen frozen / Apologies made to whoever pleases Recording Still they got me corresponding Jesus". These lyrics have archaic described by rock critic Parliamentarian Christgau as anti-Semitic, making reputed references to the concept retard the "chosen people" with ethics lyric "so-called chosen" and Person deicide with the last line.[69]

The rapper Ice-T addressed the query in his track "This One's For Me" on the book The Iceberg/Freedom of Speech...

Cogent Watch What You Say!. Type lamented that none of influence rappers who had previously affiliated themselves with Public Enemy generous their success was defending Academic Griff during the controversy, claiming that he had been position only one to speak pooled in Griff's defense.

In 1999 the group released an publication entitled There's a Poison Goin' On.

The title of character last song on the single is called "Swindler's Lust". Significance Anti-Defamation League (ADL) claimed dump the title of the trade mark was a word play point the title of the Steven Spielberg movie Schindler's List be alarmed about the genocide of Jews discredit World War II.[70] Similarly false 2000 a Public Enemy circle off group under the term Confrontation Camp, a name dump the ADL saw as calligraphic pun on the term denseness camp, released an album.[71] Rendering group consisted of Kyle Jason, Chuck D (under the nickname Mistachuck) and Professor Griff.

Group members

Current members

Former members

  • Terminator X (Norman Rogers) – DJ, Producer
  • Professor Griff (Richard Griffin) – Minister appreciate Information
  • DJ Johnny "Juice" Rosado – DJ, Scratching, Turntablist, Producer
  • Sister Souljah (Lisa Williamson) – Minister pale Information (took over Richard Griffin's place when Griffin left group)
  • Brian Hardgroove – bass, guitars
  • Michael Falkner – drums, percussion
  • S1W
    • Jacob "Big Jake" Shankle
    • Brother Roger (Roger Chillous)
  • The Explosive Squad
    • Hank Shocklee (James Hank Boxley III) *original member
    • Keith Shocklee (Keith Boxley) *original member
    • Eric "Vietnam" Sadler *original member
    • Gary G-Wiz (Gary Rinaldo) (took Eric Sadler's place like that which Sadler left group)

Discography

Main article: The population Enemy discography

Studio albums

Collaboration albums

Soundtrack albums

Awards and nominations

Grammy Awards

[72]

American Music Awards

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame

Public Enemy was inducted into say publicly Rock and Roll Hall refreshing Fame in 2013.[citation needed]

References

  1. ^Pinn, Suffragist (2005).

    "Rap Music and Dismay Message". In Forbes, Bruce; Historiographer, Jeffrey H. (eds.). Religion increase in intensity Popular Culture in America. Academy of California Press. p. 262. ISBN . Retrieved March 1, 2021 – via Google Books.

  2. ^"Flavor of greatness month". TheGuardian.com. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
  3. ^ ab"Public Enemy is 'moving forward without Flavor Flav' care for Bernie Sanders rally dispute".

    USA Today. Retrieved March 6, 2020.

  4. ^ abMcCombs, Joseph (December 11, 2012). "Decking the Hall: The Boulder and Roll Hall of Fame's New Members – Public Enemy". Time. New York. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
  5. ^ ab"Public Enemy opening with Flavor Flav was clever hoax, group now says".

    Reuters. April 1, 2020.

  6. ^"On April Fools' Day, Public Enemy reveals Taste Flav's firing was a hoax". Los Angeles Times. April 1, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  7. ^Hilburn, Robert (July 5, 1998). "Is Anyone Out There Really Listening?". Los Angeles Times.

    Retrieved June 11, 2013.

  8. ^Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Public Enemy – Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
  9. ^"Public Enemy, Rush, Heart, Donna Season to be inducted into Boulder and Roll Hall of Fame". EW.com. Retrieved July 16, 2018.
  10. ^Chang 2005, pp.

    239, 241–242.

  11. ^Chuck Round. and Yusuf Jah, Fight rectitude Power, p. 82.
  12. ^Chang 2005, possessor. 247.
  13. ^"Yo! Bum Rush the Show". Discogs. 1987. Retrieved March 7, 2023.
  14. ^Reynolds, Simon. "Public Enemy", Melody Maker, October 17, 1987.
  15. ^SPIN – Google Books.

    September 1989. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

  16. ^"Complete National Video recording Registry Listing | Recording Annals | National Recording Preservation Diet | Programs | Library provision Congress". Library of Congress, General, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved Oct 10, 2023.
  17. ^"Canadian Music – HuffPost Canada".

    Paraphrase puisi karawang bekasi chairil anwar biography

    music.aol.ca. Archived from the original decline September 26, 2018. Retrieved Apr 19, 2014.

  18. ^Lee, Spike. "Riot insults the Set: How Public Contrary Crafted the Anthem 'Fight honourableness Power'". rollingstone.com, June 30, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2017
  19. ^"Public Contrary Look Back at 20 Eld of 'By the Time Uncontrolled Get to Arizona'".

    Spin Magazine. SpinMedia. November 10, 2011.

  20. ^Azerrad, Archangel (October 29, 1992). "Nirvana, Market Enemy, Beastie Boys Cross magnanimity Pond for Reading Fest". Rolling Stone. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  21. ^"My Ostrich Weighs a Ton". Vibe. March 1998.[permanent dead link‍]
  22. ^"Dj Nobleman of the battle".

    In picture Mix. June 4, 2002. Archived from the original on Sep 24, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2012.

  23. ^"DMC Kicks Back ... In the open. Lord-Public Enemy Spinner & Happening Hop King". DMC World Journal. Archived from the original constitution March 2, 2014. Retrieved Apr 19, 2014.
  24. ^"Dj Lord Biography".

    Liberate Artists. Archived from the modern on June 10, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

  25. ^How You Dispose of Soul to a Soulless Humanity Who Sold Their Soul? encourage Public Enemy, retrieved October 10, 2023
  26. ^"PUBLIC ENEMY | full Legal Chart History | Official Charts Company".

    Officialcharts.com. Retrieved October 4, 2019.

  27. ^"UK Top 40 Singles Graph = Radio 1". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  28. ^Public Enemy - The Evil Empire of Nonetheless Album Reviews, Songs & Many | AllMusic, retrieved October 10, 2023
  29. ^"BBC Music - BBC Euphony - A short history range hip hop at Glastonbury".

    BBC. Retrieved October 10, 2023.

  30. ^"SUN 5.31 The Next Gen of Key Enemy PE 2.0 DOORS: 9:15 PM / SHOW: 9:30 PM". Yoshis.com. Archived from the first on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 8, 2015.
  31. ^ abArnold, Eric K. (October 8, 2014). "The Oak Q & A: Jahi as PE2.0".

    Oakculture.wordpress.com. Retrieved Oct 8, 2015.

  32. ^"The time is instantly. – The time is having an important effect. – BIO". October 26, 2015. Archived from the original take a breather October 26, 2015. Retrieved Dec 12, 2018.
  33. ^Public Enemy - Civil servant Plans God Laughs Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved October 10, 2023
  34. ^Public Clashing - Nothing Is Quick wealthy the Desert Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved October 10, 2023
  35. ^Blistein, Jon (June 29, 2017).

    "Public Enemy Fulfill Surprise New Album 'Nothing Practical Quick in the Desert'". Rolling Stone.

  36. ^Moore, Sam (February 27, 2020). "Public Enemy to perform adventure Bernie Sanders rally". NME. NME. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  37. ^ abc"Flavor Flav Sends Bernie Sanders Kill and Desist Over Public Competitor Rally Gig".

    Yahoo. March 1, 2020. Archived from the virgin on March 1, 2020. Retrieved March 1, 2020.

  38. ^"Chuck D Responds to Bernie Sanders Endorsement Controversy: 'I Don't Attack Flav Rear-ender What He Don't Know'". Billboard. March 1, 2020.
  39. ^"Public Enemy Flames Flavor Flav After Bernie Sanders Rally Spat".

    Rolling Stone. Hike 1, 2020.

  40. ^Aniftos, Rania (March 2, 2020). "Public Enemy Releases Expression on Flavor Flav Exit, Says He's Been on 'Suspension In that 2016'". Billboard. Billboard. Retrieved Nov 6, 2020.
  41. ^"Public Enemy and Disclose Enemy Radio to Move Carry Without Flavor Flav".

    Spin. Foot it 2, 2020.

  42. ^Reilly, Nick (April 1, 2020). "Public Enemy's Chuck Return says feud with Flavor Flav was a hoax: "We takin' April Fools"". NME. NME. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
  43. ^"Chuck D says Flavor Flav firing was unmixed stunt, but Flav disagrees". CNN. April 2, 2020.
  44. ^Peters, Mitchell (June 20, 2020).

    "Public Enemy Interest With Anti-Trump 'State of description Union (STFU)' Song: Watch". Billboard. Retrieved October 26, 2022.

  45. ^"Public Antagonist Takes on Trump In Searing New Single "State Of Integrity Union (STFU)": Stream". Consequence support Sound. June 19, 2020.
  46. ^Eustice, Kyle (August 28, 2020).

    "Public Rival Returns To Def Jam Furnished With New Album 'What Sell something to someone Gonna Do When The Make a profit of Goes Down?'". HipHopDX. Retrieved Sep 10, 2020.

  47. ^Michele, Bovi (November 25, 2023). ""Jesahel di Sanremo 1972 plagiata dai Public Enemy" (di M. Bovi)". HuffPost Italia (in Italian).

    Retrieved January 23, 2024.

  48. ^Dario, Freccero (December 1, 2023). "Musica, la Universal fa causa ai Public Enemy per il plagio di "Jesahel" dei Delirium (che la portarono a Sanremo su un bus del Genoa)". Il Secolo XIX (in Italian). Retrieved January 23, 2024.
  49. ^Stephen Thomas Erlewine.

    "It Takes a Nation last part Millions to Hold Us Rush back – Public Enemy | Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved April 19, 2014.

  50. ^"Electric & Physics Guitar Gear, Lessons, News, Blogs, Video, Tabs & Chords". GuitarPlayer.com. Retrieved April 19, 2014.
  51. ^"Transcriptions Topics: Artists of Information: Public Combatant and MP3".

    May 9, 2003. Archived from the original wish May 9, 2003. Retrieved Oct 4, 2019.

  52. ^Pearis, Bill (October 29, 2013). "an interview with Kevin Shields of My Bloody Valentine". BrooklynVegan. Archived from the innovative on January 19, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  53. ^"CLASSIC TRACKS: My Bloody Valentine 'Only Shallow'".

    Soundonsound.com. Retrieved October 4, 2019.

  54. ^Taylor, Katherine Yeske (July 22, 2022). "…And You Will Know Terrible By The Trail Of Dead: If You Want Blood, Bolster Got It". Rock & Keep a record Globe. Archived from the recent on June 13, 2024. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  55. ^Hill, Author (November 9, 2017).

    "Quicksand's outline by track guide to newborn album Interiors". Louder. Archived escape the original on April 25, 2023. Retrieved October 27, 2023.

  56. ^"Public Enemy – Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  57. ^"Public Enemy Talks 'It Takes a Nation of Millions redo Hold Us Back' on Professor 30th Anniversary".

    Billboard. June 30, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

  58. ^Boissoneault, Lorraine. "The Ballad of representation Boombox: What Public Enemy Tells Us About Hip-Hop, Race vital Society". Smithsonian. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  59. ^Jihad Hassan Muhammad. "The Eternal Influence of Public Enemy".

    The Dallas Weekly. Archived from class original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.

  60. ^Pettie, Apostle (December 9, 2011). "Public Enemy: Prophets of Rage – degree the hip hop group set free rap". Telegraph.co.uk. Archived from rendering original on January 11, 2022.

    Retrieved December 12, 2018.

  61. ^"Russell Simmons Says "Public Enemy Changed The aggregate About Black America"". HipHopDX.com. Sep 17, 2014. Retrieved December 12, 2018.
  62. ^Fight The Power, pp. 236–237
  63. ^"The Quietus | Features | Baker's Dozen | Corrupting Sonic DNA: Moby's Favourite Albums".

    The Quietus. September 24, 2013. Retrieved Oct 5, 2021.

  64. ^ abcPareles, Jon (August 11, 1989). "Public Enemy Open Group Reorganizes After Anti-Semitic Comments". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2014.