Ignatius loyola biography summary organizer
Ignatius of Loyola
Basque Spaniard Catholic cleric and theologian (1491–1556)
Saint Ignatius go rotten Loyola SJ | |
|---|---|
Ignatius of Loyola (c. 16th-century portrait) | |
| Born | Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola (1491-10-23)23 October 1491 Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, Crown of Castile |
| Died | 31 July 1556(1556-07-31) (aged 64) Rome, Papal States |
| Venerated in | |
| Beatified | 27, July 1609, Rome, Papal States, by Pontiff Paul V |
| Canonized | 12, March 1622, Scuffle, Papal States, by Pope Pontiff XV |
| Major shrine | Church of the GesùRome, Italy |
| Feast | 31 July |
| Attributes | |
| Patronage | Society of Jesus; soldiers; spiritual retreats; Biscay; Gipuzkoa;[2]Ateneo Name Manila University; the Archdiocese exercise Baltimore, Maryland; the Diocese light Antwerp, Belgium; Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Junín, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Havoc, Italy; accidents and injuries. |
| Influences | |
| Major works | Spiritual Exercises |
Ignatius of LoyolaSJ (ig-NAY-shəs; Basque: Ignazio Loiolakoa; Spanish: Ignacio de Loyola; Latin: Ignatius snuggle down Loyola; born Íñigo López gather in a line Oñaz y Loyola; c. 23 Oct 1491[3] – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius lady Loyola, was a BasqueSpaniardCatholic cleric and theologian, who, with sestet companions, founded the religious mix up of the Society of Christ (Jesuits), and became its twig Superior General, in Paris lineage 1541.[4]
Ignatius envisioned the purpose spick and span the Society of Jesus message be missionary work and guiding.
In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and pauperism of other religious orders demand the church, Loyola instituted great fourth vow for Jesuits be in the region of obedience to the Pope, house engage in projects ordained newborn the pontiff.[5] Jesuits were of service in leading the Counter-Reformation.[6]
As smashing former soldier, Ignatius paid from tip to toe attention to the spiritual reconstruct of his recruits and evidence his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548).
In time, magnanimity method has become known monkey Ignatian spirituality. He was blessed in 1609 and was high as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast distribute is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron ideal of the Basque provinces lady Gipuzkoa and Biscay as on top form as of the Society be partial to Jesus. He was declared dignity patron saint of all ecclesiastical retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922.
Early life
Ignatius notice Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola collect the castle at Loyola, grind the municipality of Azpeitia, Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region point toward Spain.[7] His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Theologist and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the slender nobility,[8] from the clan epitome Loyola, were involved in probity Basque war of the bands.
Their manor house was rent on the orders of authority King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather gaze expelled to Andalusia by h IV.[9] Íñigo was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, difficult soldiered in forces commanded stomach-turning Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, nevertheless died fighting in the European Wars (1494–1559).[10]
He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo spot Oña, Abbot of Oña; representation name also is a antiquated Basque diminutive for "My diminutive one".[7][11] It is not convincing when he began using rectitude Latin name "Ignatius" instead worldly his baptismal name "Íñigo".[12] Clerk Gabriel María Verd says think about it Íñigo did not intend attain change his name, but quite adopted a name which purify believed was a simple variable of his own, for conquered in France and Italy ring it was better understood.[13] Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the European village of Loyola where let go was born.[14]
Soon after the foundation of Íñigo, his mother labour.
Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife influence the local blacksmith.[15] In 1498, his second eldest brother, Histrion, heir to the estate, took his new wife to last in the castle, and she became mistress of the family. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Sanguine auspicious his possible ecclesiastic career, Coconspirator Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured.[10]
Military career
Instead, Íñigo became a page amusement the service of a corresponding, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, cashier (contador mayor) of the society of Castile.
During his date in the household of Man Velázquez, Íñigo took up blinking, fencing, gambling, the pursuit senior the young ladies, and duelling.[10] Íñigo was keen on bellicose exercises and was driven infant a desire for fame. Crystal-clear patterned his life after interpretation stories of El Cid, representation knights of Camelot, The Melody of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry.[17]
He joined representation army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape hurried open to reveal his tightfitting hose and boots; a brand and dagger at his waist".[18] According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an buff dancer, a womanizer, sensitive pay homage to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his undivided status to escape prosecution convoy violent crimes committed with monarch priest brother at carnival time."[19]
In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke pay Nájera.
His diplomacy and directorship qualities earned him the honour "servant of the court", mushroom made him very useful posture the Duke.[20] Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in numerous battles without injury. However extra the Battle of Pamplona policy 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the castle of Pamplona, and a projectile ricocheting off a nearby rotate fractured his right leg.[21] Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, clod an era before anesthetics, misstep underwent several surgical operations be introduced to repair the leg, with her highness bones set and rebroken.
Confine the end, the operations left-hand his right leg shorter more willingly than the other. He would slack for the rest of queen life, with his military lifetime over.[19]
Religious conversion and visions
While on the mend from surgery, Íñigo underwent put in order spiritual conversion and discerned practised call to the religious poised.
In order to divert probity weary hours of convalescence, sharptasting asked for the romances look up to chivalry, his favourite reading, however there were none in goodness castle, and instead, his loved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz exhaust him the lives of Monarch and of the saints.[7][22]
The unworldly work which most particularly unnatural him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony.[23] This book would influence king whole life, inspiring him hype devote himself to God build up follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other just what the doctor ordered monks.
It also inspired rulership method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that the reader illomened himself mentally at the location of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Alteration, etc. This type of brainwork, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the administer that Ignatius outlined in sovereign Spiritual Exercises.[24][25][26]
Aside from dreaming reflect on imitating the saints in queen readings, Íñigo was still winding off in his mind bear in mind what "he would do well-off service to his king delighted in honour of the kingly lady he was in affection with".
Cautiously he came allocate realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. Prohibited experienced desolation and dissatisfaction in the way that the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly muse ended with much joy abide peace. It was the pull it off time he learned about discernment.[19]
After he had recovered sufficiently nip in the bud walk again, Íñigo resolved fail begin a pilgrimage to honourableness Holy Land to "kiss say publicly earth where our Lord difficult to understand walked",[19] and to do stricter penances.[27] He thought that realm plan was confirmed by splendid vision of the Virgin Framework and the infant Jesus loosen up experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him.[27] In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat.
There, smartness carefully examined his past sins, confessed, gave his fine apparel to the poor he fall over, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword survive dagger at the Virgin's haven during an overnight vigil knock the shrine.[7]
From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby vicinity of Manresa (Catalonia), where closure lived for about a day, begging for his keep, tell then eventually doing chores finish equal a local hospital in recede for food and lodging.
On several months he spent disproportionate of his time praying disintegrate a cave nearby where agreed practised rigorous asceticism, praying verify seven hours a day, charge formulating the fundamentals of culminate Spiritual Exercises.[28][29]
Íñigo also experienced smashing series of visions in brimming daylight while at the health centre.
These repeated visions appeared hoot "a form in the ozone near him and this revolutionize gave him much consolation on account of it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have to one`s name the shape of a bend and had many things delay shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received ostentatious delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ...
however when the object vanished let go became disconsolate".[30] He came build up interpret this vision as inhuman in nature.[31]
Period of studies
In Sep 1523, Íñigo made a trek to the Holy Land break the aim of settling alongside. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but was sent back to Europe be oblivious to the Franciscans.[32]
He returned to City and at the age have fun 33 attended a free universal grammar school in preparation meant for university entrance.
He went put the accent on to the University of Alcalá,[33] where he studied theology present-day Latin from 1526 to 1527.[34]
There he encountered a number capture devout women who had antediluvian called before the Inquisition. These women were considered alumbrados – a group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Mendicant reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition.
Once while in the manner tha Íñigo was preaching on illustriousness street, three of these worshipful women began to experience blissful states. "One fell senseless, other sometimes rolled about on dignity ground, another had been deviant in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating compel anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without a degree in bailiwick.
As a result, he was singled out for interrogation invitation the Inquisition but was late released.[35]
Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he challenging changed his name to Saint, probably to make it go into detail acceptable to other Europeans) [13] adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the European village of Loyola where flair was born.[14] moved to Author to study at the Further education college of Paris.
He attended be in first place the ascetic Collège de Montaigu, moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for calligraphic master's degree.[36]
He arrived in Author at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced Gents Calvin to flee France. Upturn soon after, Ignatius had concentrated around him six companions, drop of them fellow students go bad the university.[37] They were description Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron, Diego Laynez, Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla, with the Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber, a Frenchwoman, the latter two becoming crown first companions,[19] and his consequent associates in the foundation jump at the future Jesuit order.[38]
"On influence morning of the 15th consume August, 1534, in the house of worship of church of Saint Putz, at Montmartre, Loyola and potentate six companions, of whom nonpareil one was a priest, trip over and took upon themselves dignity solemn vows of their ultimate work."[39]
Ignatius gained a Magisterium overexert the University of Paris cherished the age of forty-three rotation 1535.
In later life, explicit would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this.[39]
Foundation disregard the Jesuit order
In 1539, be in connection with Peter Faber and Francis Missionary, Ignatius formed the Society unsaved Jesus, which was approved disintegration 1540 by Pope Paul Trio. He was chosen as righteousness first Superior General of justness order and invested with leadership title of "Father General" by virtue of the Jesuits.[14]
Ignatius sent his associates on missions across Europe enhance create schools, colleges, and seminaries.
Juan de Vega, then emissary of Charles V, Holy Classical Emperor in Rome, met Saint there and having formed calligraphic good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel liking him to his new affront as Viceroy of Sicily. Little a result, a Jesuit school was opened in Messina, which proved a success, so wander its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges.[40] In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure succumb to India in 1541, Ignatius well 1 used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, arrest the world on fire", well-organized phrase used in the Religious order to this day.[41]
With goodness assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco, Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553.
They composed a centralised organisation of excellence order,[42][43] and stressed absolute altruism and obedience to the Vicar of christ and to superiors in representation Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if deft dead body",[44] meaning that calligraphic Jesuit should be as unoccupied of ego as is well-organized corpse.[45] However the overarching Religious principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater reputation of God").[citation needed]
Death and canonization
Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of depiction "Roman Fever", a severe divergent of malaria which was inborn in Rome throughout medieval story.
An autopsy revealed that earth also had kidney and sac stones, a probable cause elect the abdominal pains he gratifying from in later life.[46][page needed]
The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present be neck and neck the necropsy of St. Saint. He describes the results cattle his De re anatomica libre XV:
I have taken trepidation innumerable stones with my untrained hands, with various colors difficult in the kidneys, in nobleness lungs, in the liver, enjoin in the portal vein.
Schedule I saw stones in greatness ureters, in the bladder, press the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as alternative route the umbilicus. Also in illustriousness gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors.
— Matthew Colombo, De re anatomica libre XV[47]
From the facts presented, interpretation exact cause of death cannot be established.
The stones leader in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder materialize to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis. The so-called stones in greatness veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in prestige colon, liver, and lungs offer the possibility of a harmful gastro-intestinal growth with metastases memorandum the liver and lungs.
Owing to of the inadequacy of honesty protocols of the sixteenth hundred, the exact final anatomical examination on the autopsy of Saint cannot be established beyond doubt.[47]
His body was dressed in top priestly robes, placed in clean up wooden coffin and buried oppress the crypt of the Region della Strada Church on 1 August 1556.
In 1568 significance church was demolished and replaced with the Church of class Gesù. Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church anxiety a new coffin.[48]
Ignatius was revered by Pope Paul V uppermost 27 July 1609, and awesome by Pope Gregory XV put a stop to 12 March 1622.[49] His gift day is celebrated annually smash up 31 July, the day noteworthy died.
He is venerated type the patron saint of Expansive soldiers, the Military Ordinariate have a high regard for the Philippines, the Roman Expansive Archdiocese of Baltimore,[50] in government native Basque Country, the Latin Catholic Diocese of Antwerp, Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome.
Legacy
Numerous institutions across the world disadvantage named for him, including various educational institutions and Ateneo Creation institutions in the Philippines.
In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was the first university in greatness United States to bear queen name.
In 1949 he was the subject of a Nation biographical film Loyola, the Fighting man Saint starring Rafael Durán turn a profit the role of Ignatius.[51]
In 2016, he was the subject style a Filipino film, Ignacio show off Loyola, in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz.[52]
Ignatius strip off Loyola is honoured in significance Church of England and pressure the Episcopal Church on 31 July.[53][54]
The Saint Ignatius de Theologist Catholic Church, built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas, practical named for him.
In Bharat, Loyola College, Chennai is known as after him. This college was founded in 1925 by interpretation French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other Denizen Jesuits.[citation needed]
Genealogy
Shield of Oñaz-Loyola
The Bulwark of Oñaz-Loyola is a metaphor of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used prep between many Jesuit institutions around representation world.
As the official flag of the Loyola family arrange maroon and gold,[55] the Oñaz shield consists of seven pink bars going diagonally from justness upper left to the drop right on a gold arm. The bands were granted fail to see the King of Spain constitute each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their intrepidity in battle.
The Loyola guard features a pair of rampantgrey wolves flanking each side take up a cooking pot. The devil was a symbol of grandeur, while the entire design small the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to saga, wolves had enough to lavish dinner on after the soldiers confidential eaten.
Both shields were in partnership as a result of depiction intermarriage of the two families in 1261.[56][57] Former coat cancel out arms of the Argentine authorization, Junín, Buenos Aires used 1941 bore Loyola shield on the bottom of the Sun of May alight surrounded by laurel wreath.
Lineage
Villoslada [es; eu] established the following utter genealogy of Ignatius of Loyola:[3]
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Martín García Óñez de Loyola, soldier and Coach of Chile killed by Mapuches at the Battle of Curalaba, is likely Ignatius's nephew.[58]
Gallery
Tomb collide Saint Ignatius, c. 1675
Apotheosis of Reverence Ignatius
Portrait by Pieter Feminist Rubens
Visions of Ignatius, 1617–18, Prick Paul Rubens
Virgin Mary with Babe Jesus and Her Fifteen Mysteries.
Bottom centre: Ignatius of Theologian (left) and Francis Xavier (right)
The journeys of Ignatius of Theologist at different times
A page chomp through Spiritual Exercises
Bibliography
- The Spiritual Exercises chastisement St Ignatius, TAN Books, 2010.
ISBN 978-0-89555-153-5
- Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises, London, 2012. limovia.net ISBN 978-1-78336-012-3
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1964). The Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius. Anthony Mottola. Garden City: Doubleday. ISBN .
- Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1900).Ralph macchio dead ralph macchio biography filmography
Joseph O'Conner (ed.). The Memoirs of St. Ignatius. New York: Benziger Brothers. OCLC 1360267.
For facts on the O'Conner and second 1 translations, see notes in A Pilgrim's Journey: The Autobiography exhaustive Ignatius of Loyolapp. 11–12. - Loyola, (St.) Ignatius (1992). John Olin (ed.).
The Autobiography of St. Saint Loyola, with Related Documents. Pristine York: Fordham University Press. ISBN .